NDRL Radiation Chemistry Data Center

Recent Papers in Radiation and Photochemistry

04/05/01

# 01_04

Kinetics Optical Spectra Thermodynamics
ESR Studies Excited States Photochemistry
Radiation Chemistry Related Experimental Studies Multiphase Systems
Polymers Biological and Medical Aspects Solar Energy
Industrial and Environmental Applications Theoretical Studies Reviews

Kinetics

Spectroscopic study of the kinetics of cis-trans isomerisation of an amphiphilic photochromic azobenzene derivative.
Matczyszyn, K., Palewska, K., Sworakowski, J., Mol. Phys. Rep. 2586-92 (1999).

Transient near-IR absorption spectrum in laser flash photolyzed aqueous solutions of tris(2,2'-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II).
Shimizu, O., Watanabe, J., Naito, S., Chem. Phys. Lett. 332(3-4): 295-8 (2000).

4-Mercaptoimidazoles derived from the naturally occurring antioxidant ovothiols 1. Antioxidant properties.
Zoete, V., Bailly, F., Vezin, H., Teissier, E., Duriez, P., Fruchart, J.-C., Catteau, J.-P., Bernier, J.-L., Free Radical Res. 32(6): 515-24 (2000).

Photoreactions of azoalkanes with amines: a time-resolved photoconductivity study.
Pischel, U., Allonas, X., Nau, W.M., J. Inf. Rec. 25(3-4): 311-21 (2000).

Photoinduced electron transfer fluorescence quenching of different diolefinic laser dyes.
Fayed, T.A., Grampp, G., Landgraf, S., J. Inf. Rec. 25(3-4): 367-80 (2000).

Optimization of the photochemically enhanced fenton oxidation of 2,4-dimethylaniline applying artificial neural networks.
Gob, S., Oliveros, E., Bossmann, S.H., Braun, A.M., Guardani, R., Nascimento, C.A.O., J. Inf. Rec. 25(3-4): 447-54 (2000).

The influence of phenylethynyl linkers on the photophysical properties of metal-free porphyrins.
Baker, G.A., Bright, F.V., Detty, M.R., Pandey, S., Stilts, C.E., Yao, H., J. Porphyrins Phthalocyanines 4(7): 669-83 (2000).

Vibrational mode-specific ultrafast photodissociation dynamics of chlorine dioxide in solution.
Fidder, H., Tschirschwitz, F., Duhr, O., Nibbering, E.T.J., Springer Ser. Chem. Phys. 66 (2001).

Thermodynamics

Electrochemical and ESR studies of Au-protein from Micrococcus luteus.
Levchenko, L.A., Kulakovskaya, S.I., Kulikov, A.V., Sadkov, A.P., Shilov, A.E., Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 88(1-3): 201-10 (2000).

4-Mercaptoimidazoles derived from the naturally occurring antioxidant ovothiols 2. Computational and experimental approach of the radical scavenging mechanism.
Zoete, V., Vezin, H., Bailly, F., Vergoten, G., Catteau, J.-P., Bernier, J.-L., Free Radical Res. 32(6): 525-33 (2000).

pH-Dependent fluorescence of various bis(carboxyalkyl)- and bis(thioalkyl)-perylene-3, 4:9,10-tetracarboxydiimides and 4,5-dimethoxyphthalimides.
Schieffer, S., Griesbeck, A.G., J. Inf. Rec. 25(3-4): 331-7 (2000).

Heptacyclo[6.6.0.02,6.03,13.04,11.05,9.010,14]tetradecane: a new type of spacer for mediating electron transfer processes.
Chiou, N.R., Chow, T.J., Chen, C.Y., Hsu, M.A., Chen, H.C., Tetrahedron Lett. 42(1): 29-31 (2001).

ESR Studies

Spin stabilizing approach to radical characterization of phenylpropanoid antioxidants: an ESR study of chlorogenic acid oxidation in the horseradish peroxidase, tyrosinase, and ferrylmyoglobin protein radical systems.
Grace, S.C., Yamasaki, H., Pryor, W.A., Basic Life Sci. 66 (1999).

Electron spin polarization and time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance: Applications to the paradigms of molecular and supramolecular photochemistry.
Turro, N.J., Kleinman, M.H., Karatekin, E., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 39(24): 4436-61 (2000).

Application of a spin-labeled spin-trap to the detection of nitric oxide (NO).
Marx, L., Rassat, A., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 39(24): 4494-6 (2000).

Thioredoxin, a singlet oxygen quencher and hydroxyl radical scavenger: Redox independent functions.
Das, K.C., Das, C.K., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 277(2): 443-7 (2000).

EPR and ENDOR studies of self([alpha])-irradiation effects in Pu(VI) oxalate: evidence for participation of 5f electrons of 239Pu in chemical bonding with CO2-.
Bhide, M.K., Kadam, R.M., Babu, Y., Natarajan, V., Sastry, M.D., Chem. Phys. Lett. 332(1-2): 98-104 (2000).

CIDNP investigation of sensitized photolysis of the triphenylsulfonium cation.
Goez, M., Eckert, G., J. Inf. Rec. 25(3-4): 281-5 (2000).

Free-radical reactions of carbohydrate moieties in macromolecular structures. EPR evidence for the importance of steric and stereoelectronic effects and for the influence of inclusion in cyclodextrins.
Gilbert, B.C., Lindsay Smith, J.R., Taylor, P., Ward, S., Whitwood, A.C., Perkin 2 (10): 2001-7 (2000).

Microscopic origin of light-induced ESR centers in undoped hydrogenated amorphous silicon.
Umeda, T., Yamasaki, S., Isoya, J., Tanaka, K., Phys. Rev. B 62(23): 15702-10 (2000).

Considerations of hyperfine couplings and spin densities in SeO2- radical species.
Contineanu, M., Rev. Chim. (Bucharest) 51(7): 497-501 (2000).

Detection of lipid-derived radicals from PUFA, LDL, and cell oxidations: An EPR spin trapping study.
Qian, Y. Ph.D., Thesis, The University of Iowa, 1999, 104p.

Excited States

Carbazolyl nitrenium cations: Generation and reactions.
Bogdal, D., Heterocycles 53(12): 2679-88 (2000).

Cyclodextrins as artificial receptors for steroids, peptides, and photosensitizers.
Yang, Z. Ph.D., Thesis, Columbia University, 1999, 190p.

Photochemistry

Photochemistry of N-3-butenyl- and N-4-pentenylglutarimides: Intramolecular thietane formation and the fission of thietane ring.
Oda, K., Ishioka, T., Fukuzawa, Y., Nishizono, N., Machida, M., Heterocycles 53(12): 2781-8 (2000).

Selective and statistical CC-bonding by photolysis of discotic and dendritic compounds.
Petermann, R., Schnorpfeil, C., Lehmann, M., Fetten, M., Meier, H., J. Inf. Rec. 25(3-4): 259-64 (2000).

Spin centre shift in photochemically generated biradicals - a new ring closure approach.
Wessig, P., Muhling, O., J. Inf. Rec. 25(3-4): 307-10 (2000).

Transformation of cyclohexadiene on an Fe3P frame: cluster complexes with hexadiene, cyclohexadiene and arene ligands.
Wadepohl, H., Gebert, S., Pritzkow, H., J. Organomet. Chem. 614: 158-67 (2000).

Defect formation and structural alternation in modified SiO2 glasses by irradiation with F2 laser or ArF excimer laser.
Ikuta, Y., Kikugawa, S., Hirano, M., Hosono, H., J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B 18(6): 2891-5 (2000).

Absorption and fluorescent properties of pyrylium compounds: II. Spectra and cross sections for absorption from the ground and excited states of the structurally rearranged form.
Bonch-Bruevich, A.M., Gadonas, R., Kaliteevskaya, E.N., Krasauskas, V., Pyalakauskas, A., Razumova, T.K., Roshal, A.D., Tarnovskii, A.N., Opt. Spectrosc. (Transl. of Opt. Spektrosk.) 89(5): 712-20 (2000).

N-hydroxy-4-(4-chlorophenyl)thiazole-2(3H)-thione as a photochemical hydroxyl-radical source: photochemistry and oxidative damage of DNA (strand breaks) and 2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG Formation).
Adam, W., Hartung, J., Okamoto, H., Saha-Moller, C.R., Spehar, K., Photochem. Photobiol. 72(5): 619-24 (2000).

The role of germacrene D as a precursor in sesquiterpene biosynthesis: investigations of acid catalyzed, photochemically and thermally induced rearrangements.
Bulow, N., Konig, W.A., Phytochemistry 55(2): 141-68 (2000).

Radiation Chemistry

Regrowth of heavy-ion implantation damage by electron beams.
Jencic, I., Robertson, I.M., Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 3(4): 311-5 (2000).

The relationship between electron-molecule collision cross-sections, experimental Townsend primary and secondary ionization coefficients and constants, electric strength and molecular structure of gaseous hydrocarbons.
Heylen, A.E.D., Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 456(2004): 3005-40 (2000).

The mechanism of radiation induced densification in fused silica.
Piao, F. Ph.D., Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, 1999, 136p.

Experimental Studies on Related Topics

A remarkable, stable radical-molecule complex: HO2•CF3C(O)OH.
Francisco, J.S., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 39(24): 4570-6 (2000).

Generation of dialkyl phosphonodithioyl radicals and their addition onto alkenes. Synthesis of 3-phosphonodithiomethyl-3-deoxofuranosides.
Lopin, C., Gautier, A., Gouhier, G., Piettre, S.R., Tetrahedron Lett. 41(52): 10195-200 (2000).

Oxidative cyclization of unsaturated ketene dithioacetals with ceric ammonium nitrate to form bicyclic lactones.
Snider, B.B., Shi, B., Quickley, C.A., Tetrahedron 56(52): 10127-32 (2000).

Radical-chain redox rearrangement of cyclic benzylidene acetals to benzoate esters in the presence of thiols.
Roberts, B.P., Smits, T.M., Tetrahedron Lett. 42(1): 137-40 (2001).

Multiphase Systems

Photocatalytic reactivity of zinc and cadmium ions in UV-irradiated titania suspensions.
Chenthamarakshan, C.R., Yang, H., Ming, Y., Rajeshwar, K., J. Electroanal. Chem. 494(2): 79-86 (2000).

Spectroscopic and photochemical studies of xanthene and azo dyes on surfaces: cellophane as a mimic of paper and cotton.
Abbott, L.C., MacFaul, P., Jansen, L., Oakes, J., Smith, J.R.L., Moore, J.N., Dyes Pigm. 48(1): 49-56 (2001).

Polymers

Photopolymerizable cholesteric liquid crystals - New materials for holographic applications.
Theissen, U., Zilker, S.J., Pfeuffer, T., Strohriegl, P., Adv. Mater. (Weinheim, Ger.) 12(22): 1698-700 (2000).

A review of photocrosslinked polyanhydrides: in situ forming degradable networks.
Burkoth, A.K., Anseth, K.S., Biomaterials 21(23): 2395-404 (2000).

Progress on nanostructuring with Nanojet.
Voigt, J., Shi, F., Hudek, P., Rangelow, I.W., Edinger, K., J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B 18(6): 3525-9 (2000).

NMR investigation of UV-cured vinyl ether networks.
Sangermano, M., Spera, S., Bongiovanni, R., Priola, A., Busetto, C., Macromol. Chem. Phys. 201(17): 2441-6 (2000).

Radical formation in electron-irradiated acrylates studied by pulse radiolysis and electron paramagnetic resonance.
Mehnert, R., Naumov, S., Knolle, W., Janovsky, I., Macromol. Chem. Phys. 201(17): 2447-54 (2000).

Film morphology and photophysics of polyfluorene.
Cadby, A.J., Lane, P.A., Mellor, H., Martin, S.J., Grell, M., Giebeler, C., Bradley, D.D.C., Wohlgenannt, M., An, C., Vardeny, Z.V., Phys. Rev. B 62(23): 15604-9 (2000).

Photophysics of a poly(phenylenevinylene) with alternating meta-phenylene and para-phenylene rings.
Lane, P.A., Cadby, A.J., Mellor, H., Martin, S.J., Lidzey, D.G., Bradley, D.D.C., Lipson, S.M., O'Brien, D.F., Blau, W.J., Phys. Rev. B 62(23): 15718-23 (2000).

Development of new dyeing photoinitiators for free radical polymerization based on 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinoline skeleton. IV.
Kucybala, Z., Przyjazna, B., Linden, L.A., Paczkowski, J., Polym. Bull. (Berlin) 45(4-5): 327-34 (2000).

Gaseous products formed by [gamma]-irradiation of bisphenol-A polycarbonate.
Navarro-Gonzalez, R., Aliev, R., Polym. Bull. (Berlin) 45(4-5): 419-24 (2000).

Chemical modification of Si(100) surface by consecutive graft polymerization of 4-vinylaniline and aniline.
Ji, L.Y., Kang, E.T., Neoh, K.G., Tan, K.L., React. Funct. Polym. 46(2): 145-56 (2000).

Synthesis and adsorption properties of poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate-co-methacrylamidophenylalanine) membranes for copper ions.
Denizli, A., Say, R., Patir, S., Arica, Y., React. Funct. Polym. 46(2): 157-64 (2000).

Carbohydrate modified photoinitiators.
Liska, R., Knaus, S., Gruber, H., Wendrinsky, J., Surf. Coat. Int. 83(6): 297-303 (2000).

Free radical formation in UV- and [gamma]-irradiated cassava starch.
Bertolini, A.C., Mestres, C., Colonna, P., Raffi, J., Carbohydr. Polym. 44(3): 269-71 (2001).

Synthesis and characterization of some polyurethane cationomers with photochromic azoaromatic groups.
Buruiana, T., Buruiana, E.C., Airinei, A., Grecu, I., Eur. Polym. J. 37(2): 343-8 (2001).

Tertiary phosphine complexes of nickel(II) thiocyanate: an evaluation of the photostabilisation of polystyrene.
Edge, M., Faulds, P., Kelly, D.G., McMahon, A., Ranger, G.C., Turner, D., Eur. Polym. J. 37(2): 349-60 (2001).

Comparative studies on surface modification of poly(ethylene terephthalate) by remote and direct argon plasmas.
Inagaki, N., Tasaka, S., Shimada, S., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 79(5): 808-15 (2001).

Radiation grafting of vinyl monomers onto poly(tetrafluoroethylene) powder produced by [gamma] irradiation and properties of grafted poly(tetrafluoroethylene) filled low density polyethylene.
Akinay, E., Tincer, T., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 79(5): 816-26 (2001).

Thermal stability of polyurethane elastomers before and after UV irradiation.
Bajsic, E.G., Rek, V., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 79(5): 864-73 (2001).

On the influence of electron energy on iodine-doped polyaniline formation by plasma polymerization.
Olayo, M.G., Morales, J., Cruz, G.J., Olayo, R., Ordonez, E., Barocio, S.R., J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 39(1): 175-83 (2001).

Photochemical bromination of polyolefin surfaces.
Balamurugan, S., Mandale, A.B., Badrinarayanan, S., Vernekar, S.P., Polymer 42(6): 2501-12 (2001).

Biological and Medical Aspects

Molecular aspects of aging.
Richter, C., Chem. Unserer Zeit 33(4): 221-5 (1999).

The pharmaceutical potential of manganese-based superoxide dismutase mimics.
Kramer, R., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 39(24): 4469-70 (2000).

The essential role of a ZnII ion in the disproportionation of semiquinone radical anion by an imidazolate-bridged CuII-ZnII model of superoxide dismutase.
Ohtsu, H., Fukuzumi, S., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 39(24): 4537-9 (2000).

Synthesis of demethoxy-amino-substituted hypocrellins: novel photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy.
Wu, T., Xu, S.J., Shen, J.Q., Chen, S., Zhang, M.H., Shen, T., Chin. Chem. Lett. 11(11): 963-6 (2000).

Dye-mediated photodynamic inactivation of Bacillus subtilis cells: involvement of singlet oxygen and superoxide radicals.
Dube, A., Bansal, H., Gupta, P.K., Indian J. Biochem. Biophys. 37(4): 245-50 (2000).

Targeted intracellular delivery of photosensitizers.
Sobolev, A.S., Jans, D.A., Rosenkranz, A.A., Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 73(1): 51-90 (2000).

Site selective generation of guanine radical cation in duplex DNA: modulation of the direction of hole transport.
Nakatani, K., Dohno, C., Saito, I., Tetrahedron Lett. 41(51): 10041-5 (2000).

Solar Energy

Efficient titanium oxide/conjugated polymer photovoltaics for solar energy conversion.
Arango, A.C., Johnson, L.R., Bliznyuk, V.N., Schlesinger, Z., Carter, S.A., Horhold, H.H., Adv. Mater. (Weinheim, Ger.) 12(22): 1689-92 (2000).

Prospects for photovoltaic efficiency enhancement using low-dimensional structures.
Green, M.A., Nanotechnology 11(4): 401-5 (2000).

Industrial and Environmental Applications

Preparation of efficient titanium oxide photocatalysts by an ionized cluster beam (ICB) method and their photocatalytic reactivities for the purification of water.
Yamashita, H., Harada, M., Tanii, A., Honda, M., Takeuchi, M., Ichihashi, Y., Anpo, M., Iwamoto, N., Itoh, N., Hirao, T., Catal. Today 63(1): 63-9 (2000).

Role of nitrogen oxides in ozone toxicity.
Friedman, M., Kazazic, S., Kezele, N., Klasinc, L., McGlynn, S.P., Pecur, S., Pryor, W.A., Croat. Chem. Acta 73(4): 1141-51 (2000).

Effect of accelerated electron beam irradiation on cork used for stopper production.
Mazzoleni, V., Molteni, R., Fumi, M.D., Musci, M., Ind. Bevande 29(167): 247-57 (2000).

A new photocatalytic technology for the atmospheric NOx removal.
Murata, Y., J. Soc. Inorg. Mater., Jpn. 287: 323-30 (2000).

Photocatalytic reduction of nitrate in water on meso-porous hollandite catalyst: a new pathway on removal of nitrate in water.
Mori, T., Suzuki, J., Fujimoto, K., Watanabe, M., Hasegawa, Y., J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 19(1/2/3): 505-10 (2000).

Photocatalytic reduction of NO with C2H6 on a hollandite-type catalyst.
Suzuki, J., Fujimoto, K., Mori, T., Watanabe, M., Hasegawa, Y., J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 19(1/2/3): 775-8 (2000).

Effects of fluorocarbon polymer deposition on the selective etching of SiO2/photoresist in high density plasma.
Chu, C., Ahn, T., Kim, J., Jeong, S., Moon, J., J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B 18(6): 2763-8 (2000).

Polymer photochemistry at advanced optical wavelengths.
Fedynyshyn, T.H., Kunz, R.R., Sinta, R.F., Goodman, R.B., Doran, S.P., J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B 18(6): 3332-9 (2000).

Scaling of Tg and reaction rate with film thickness in photoresist: A thermal probe study.
Fryer, D.S., Nealey, P.F., de Pablo, J.J., J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B 18(6): 3376-80 (2000).

Outgassing of photoresists in extreme ultraviolet lithography.
Chauhan, M.M., Nealey, P.F., J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B 18(6): 3402-7 (2000).

Dosimetry of paintings: determination of the degree of chemical change in museum exposed test paintings (Azurite tempera) by thermal and spectroscopic analysis.
Odlyha, M., Cohen, N.S., Foster, G.M., West, R.H., Thermochim. Acta 365(1-2): 53-63 (2000).

Photodegradation of the pharmaceutical drug diclofenac in a lake: pathway, field measurements, and mathematical modeling.
Poiger, T., Buser, H.-R., Muller, M.D., Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 20(2): 256-63 (2001).

Design and synthesis of organic chiroptical switches. Part I. Improvement of the chiroptical liquid crystal switch by modifying the structure of [3.2.1]bicyclooctanone. Part II. Design and synthesis of photoresponsive polyisocyanates.
Li, J. Ph.D., Thesis, Georgia University of Technology, 1999, 191p.

Theoretical Studies

Conical intersections in charge-transfer induced quenching.
Sinicropi, A., Pischel, U., Basosi, R., Nau, W.M., Olivucci, M., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 39(24): 4582-6 (2000).

AIM study on the transferability of the oxygen atom in linear ethers.
Vila, A., Carballo, E., Mosquera, R.A., Can. J. Chem. 78(12): 1535-43 (2000).

Kinetic energy-based normal mode analysis of electronic processes in C60.
Zhang, G.P., Sun, X., George, T.F., Croat. Chem. Acta 73(4): 1077-85 (2000).

AM1 calculations on the mechanism of the o-nitrobenzyl photochemistry.
Schaper, K., Dommaschke, D., Globisch, S., Madani-Mobarekeh, S.A., J. Inf. Rec. 25(3-4): 339-54 (2000).

Modeling influence of structural changes in photoacid generators on 193 nm single layer resist imaging.
Croffie, E., Yuan, L., Cheng, M.S., Neureuther, A., Houlihan, F., Cirelli, R., Watson, P., Nalamasu, O., Gabor, A., J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B 18(6): 3340-4 (2000).

Theoretical studies on sulfur-containing radical ions.
Carmichael, I., Nukleonika 45(1): 11-7 (2000).

A new damping mechanism in strongly collapsing bubbles.
Moss, W.C., Levatin, J.L., Szeri, A.J., Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 456(2004): 2983-94 (2000).

Reviews

Photopericyclic reactions of conjugated dienes and trienes.
Cook, B.H.O., Leigh, W.J., Chem. Dienes Polyenes 2: 197-255 (2000).

Electron paramagnetic resonance of peptides and proteins.
Marsh, D., Drugs Pharm. Sci. 101, (2000).

Radiation-induced signal transduction.
Knebel, A., Bohmer, F.D., Herrlich, P., Methods Enzymol. 319, 255-72 (2000).

Sequence specificity of ultraviolet A-induced DNA damage in the presence of photosensitizer.
Ito, K., Kawanishi, S., Methods Enzymol. 319, 417-27 (2000).

Photochromism of diarylethenes in confined reaction spaces.
Irie, M., Mol. Supramol. Photochem. 5: 111-41 (2000).

Photooxidation in zeolites.
Vasenkov, S., Frei, H., Mol. Supramol. Photochem. 5: 295-323 (2000).

Applications of time-resolved EPR in studies of photochemical reactions.
van Willigen, H., Mol. Supramol. Photochem. 6: 197-247 (2000).

Kinetics of photochromic processes in dihydropyridine derivatives.
Sworakowski, J., Nespurek, S., Lipinski, J., Sliwinska, E., Lewanowicz, A., Olszowski, A., NATO Sci. Ser., 3 79: (2000).

Study of stilbene molecule trans<->cis isomerization in first excited state and design of molecular random-walkers.
Balevicius, M.L., Tamulis, A., Tamuliene, J., Nunzi, J.-M., NATO Sci. Ser., 3 79: (2000).

Photosensitized oxygenation of small ring olefins.
Frimer, A.A., Spectrum 13(2): 9-16 (2000).

Photochemical and photophysical behaviour of porphyrins and phthalocyanines irradiated with violet or ultraviolet light.
Tokumaru, K., J. Porphyrins Phthalocyanines 5(1): 77-86 (2001).

Direct observation of ultrafast excited state dynamics in condensed phase photochemistry and photobiology.
Sension, R.J., Cole, A.G., Anderson, N.A., Shiang, J.J., Springer Ser. Chem. Phys. 66, (2001).

Femtosecond fluorescence dynamics of porphyrins; internal conversion, energy relaxation, and quantum beats.
Shibata, Y., Chosrowjan, H., Mataga, N., Yoshida, N., Osuka, A., Springer Ser. Chem. Phys. 66 (2001).

E-mail: ndrlrcdc.1@nd.edu
Author: K.P. Madden
Created: 7/2/97 Updated: 4/5/01