NDRL Radiation Chemistry Data Center

Recent Papers in Radiation and Photochemistry

02/07/03

#03_02

Kinetics Optical Spectra Thermodynamics
ESR Studies Excited States Photochemistry
Radiation Chemistry Related Experimental Studies Multiphase Systems
Polymers Biological and Medical Aspects Solar Energy
Industrial and Environmental Applications Theoretical Studies Reviews


Kinetics

Oxidation of ascorbate by Ni(III) complexes with tetraaza-macrocyclic ligands in neutral aqueous solutions. A pulse-radiolysis study.
Zilbermann, I., Meshulam, A., Cohen, H., Meyerstein, D., Supramol. Chem. 13(2): 325-32 (2001).

Highly mobile primary radical cations (holes) in irradiated cyclooctane.
Borovkov, V.I., Usov, O.M., Kobzeva, T.V., Bagryanskii, V.A., Molin, Y.N., Dokl. Phys. Chem. (Trans. of Dokl. Akad. Nauk) 384(1-3): 97-100 (2002).

The kinetics of photocoloration of spiropyrans upon complexation.
Atabekyan, L.S., High Energy Chem. (Transl. of Khim. Vys. Energ.) 36(6): 397-404 (2002).

Kinetics of nitrite ion buildup in lead styphnate under irradiation.
Borzdun, V.N., Dvorovenko, N.N., Ryabykh, S.M., High Energy Chem. (Transl. of Khim. Vys. Energ.) 36(6): 438-9 (2002).

Effects of metal ions distinguishing between one-step hydrogen- and electron-transfer mechanisms for the radical-scavenging reaction of (+)-catechin.
Nakanishi, I., Miyazaki, K., Shimada, T., Ohkubo, K., Urano, S., Ikota, N., Ozawa, T., Fukuzumi, S., Fukuhara, K., J. Phys. Chem. A 106(46): 11123-6 (2002).

Formation and decay behaviors of laser-induced transient species from pyrene derivatives 1. Spectral discrimination and decay mechanisms in aqueous solution.
Mori, Y., Shinoda, H., Nakano, T., Kitagawa, T., J. Phys. Chem. A 106(48): 11743-9 (2002).

Formation and decay behaviors of laser-induced transient species from pyrene derivatives 2. Micellar effects.
Mori, Y., Shinoda, H., Nakano, T., Kitagawa, T., J. Phys. Chem. A 106(48): 11750-9 (2002).

Laser flash photolysis study of azides derived from Cr(III) and Mn(III) salen complexes.
Formentin, P., Alvaro, M., Garcia, H., Palomares, E., Sabater, M.J., New J. Chem. 26(11): 1646-50 (2002).

Time-resolved gas-phase kinetic study of the germylene addition reaction, GeH2+C2D4, as a function of temperature and pressure: isotope effects and mechanistic complexities.
Becerra, R., Walsh, R., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 4(24): 6001-5 (2002).

The kinetics and mechanism of the reaction between diphenylcarbonyl oxide and mercaptans.
Krupin, P.V., Nazarov, A.M., Khursan, S.L., Komissarov, V.D., Russ. J. Phys. Chem. (Transl. of Zh. Fiz. Khim.) 76(11): 1888-92 (2002).

Photosynthetic light harvesting by carotenoids: Detection of an intermediate excited state.
Cerullo, G., Polli, D., Lanzani, G., De Silvestri, S., Hashimoto, H., Cogdell, R.J., Science (Washington, D. C.) 298(5602): 2395-8 (2002).


Optical Spectra

Charge-transfer band shifts in iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II) by electro-intercalated cations via ground state-energy/lattice-energy link.
Rosseinsky, D.R., Lim, H.Y., Zhang, X., Jiang, H.J., Chai, J.W., Chem. Commun. (Cambridge) (24): 2988-9 (2002).

Manifestation of the even-odd effect in the spectral properties of solvated electron and in the probability of positronium formation in alcohols.
Stepanov, P.S., Stepanov, P.S., Byakov, V.M., High Energy Chem. (Transl. of Khim. Vys. Energ.) 36(6): 374-7 (2002).

Intercalation of cationic phthalocyanines into layered titanates and control of the microstructures.
Kaito, R., Miyamoto, N., Kuroda, K., Ogawa, M., J. Mater. Chem. 12(12): 3463-8 (2002).

Defect creation under UV irradiation of Csl:Pb crystals in Pb2+-induced absorption bands investigated by luminescence methods.
Babin, V., Kalder, K., Krasnikov, A., Nikl, M., Nitsch, K., Zazubovich, S., Phys. Status Solidi B 234(2): 689-700 (2002).

Photoinitiated processes in molecules of Schiff bases having an NH N intramolecular hydrogen bond.
Ivakhnenko, T.E., Makarova, N.I., Burlov, A.S., Ivakhnenko, E.P., Knyazhanskii, M.I., Metelitsa, A.V., Garnovskii, A.D., Russ. J. Org. Chem. 38(7): 1018-22 (2002).

Structure-assigned optical spectra of single-walled carbon nanotubes.
Bachilo, S.M., Strano, M.S., Kittrell, C., Hauge, R.H., Smalley, R.E., Weisman, R.B., Science (Washington, D. C.) 298(5602): 2361-6 (2002).


Thermodynamics

Thermodynamically controlled photocycloaddition of 5-fluoro-1,3-dimethyluracil to naphthalenes.
Ohkura, K., Sugaol, T., Sakushima, A., Nishijima, K., Kuge, Y., Seki, K., Heterocycles 58: 595-600 (2002).


ESR Studies

In-situ ESR detection of radical species of p-benzoquinone in aqueous media.
Park, H., Won, M.S., Cheong, C., Shim, Y.B., Electroanalysis 14(21): 1501-7 (2002).

EPR characterization of carbonate ion effect on TCE and PCE decomposition by [gamma]-rays.
Yoon, J.H., Jung, J., Chung, H.H., Lee, M.J., Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 253(2): 217-9 (2002).

Formation and structure of dimer radical cations of fluorinated benzenes in solid matrices.
Itagaki, Y., Yanagida, N., Shiotani, M., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 4(24): 5982-7 (2002).

EPR and ENDOR studies of single crystals of 2-oxazolidinone X-irradiated at 295 K.
Hosseini, A., Lund, A., Sagstuen, E., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 4(24): 6086-91 (2002).

EPR evidence of a triplet biradical in the photolysis of nifedipine.
Buttafava, A., Faucitano, A., Fasani, E., Albini, A., Ricci, A., Res. Chem. Intermed. 28(2-3): 231-7 (2002).

Electron spin resonance studies on defects in phosphorus ion-implanted C60 films.
Fahim, N.F., Kojma, N., Yamaguchi, M., Ohshita, Y., Eid, A.E., Dharmarasu, N., Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 75(3-4): 411-20 (2003).


Excited States

Excited-state proton transfer to solvent of protonated aniline derivatives in aqueous solution: a remarkable effect of ortho alkyl group on the proton-dissociation rate.
Shiobara, S., Kamiyama, R., Tajima, S., Shizuka, H., Tobita, S., J. Photochem. Photobiol., A 154(1): 53-60 (2002).


Photochemistry

Thermal and photochemical reactivity of [beta],[gamma]-unsaturated oximes in the presence of SnCl4.
Horspool, W.M., Hynd, G., Ixkes, U., ARKIVOC : 130-9 (2002).

Photocyclization of 3-styrylcyclohex-2-enones to 2,3-dihydro-1H-phenanthren-4-ones.
Krohn, K., Wunschhofer, J., ARKIVOC : 19-24 (2002).

Modified photoreactivity due to mixed crystal formation. II. Enhanced reactivity upon conformational mimicry and cavity enlargement.
Vithana, C., Uekusa, H., Sekine, A., Ohashi, Y., Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B: Struct. Sci. 58: 986-97 (2002).

Application of microstructured reactor technology for the photochemical chlorination of alkylaromatics.
Ehrich, H., Linke, D., Morgenschweis, K., Baerns, M., Jahnisch, K., Chimia 56(11): 647-53 (2002).

Dissociation of methanol in intense femtosecond laser field.
Tang, X.P., Gao, L.R., Wang, Y.L., Wang, C., Wang, S.F., Kong, F.A., Chin. Sci. Bull. 47(23): 1973-8 (2002).

Cycloaddition reactions of ([eta]6-tropone) tricarbonylmetal(0) complexes of group 6 metals with alkynes.
Morkan, I.A., Morkan, A.U., Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 67(11): 1635-46 (2002).

Reasons for selective C-C bond rupture upon photodegradation of the long-lived perfluoro-2,4-dimethyl-3-ethylpentyl-3 radical.
Allayarov, S.R., Konovalikhin, S.V., Gordon, D.A., Chernysheva, T.E., Barkalov, I.M., High Energy Chem. (Transl. of Khim. Vys. Energ.) 36(6): 405-7 (2002).

Photoinduced and chemical oxidation of coordinated imine to amide in isomeric osmium(II) complexes of N-arylpyridine-2-carboxaldimines. Synthesis, characterization, electron transfer properties, and structural studies.
Ghosh, A.K., Kamar, K.K., Paul, P., Peng, S.M., Lee, G.H., Goswami, S., Inorg. Chem. 41(24): 6343-50 (2002).

Room temperature syntheses of lanthanoid tetrafluorides (LnF4, Ln = Ce, Pr, Tb).
Mazej, Z., J. Fluorine Chem. 118(1-2): 127-9 (2002).

Photoswitching in chiral nematic liquid crystals: interaction-selective helical twist inversion by a single chiral dopant.
Ruslim, C., Ichimura, K., J. Mater. Chem. 12(12): 3377-9 (2002).

Synthesis of PbS in aqueous solutions by photochemical reactions.
Ichimura, M., Narita, T., Masui, K., Mater. Sci. Eng., B 96(3): 296-9 (2002).

Organic chemistry: A digital fluorescent molecular photoswitch.
Irie, M., Fukaminato, T., Sasaki, T., Tamai, N., Kawai, T., Nature (London) 420(6917): 759-60 (2002).

Photoinduced electron-transfer processes in C60-tetrathiafulvalene dyads containing a short or long flexible spacer.
Allard, E., Cousseau, J., Orduna, J., Garin, J., Luo, H.X., Araki, Y., Ito, O., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 4(24): 5944-51 (2002).

Trapping of photochemical intermediates as a tool in organic synthesis. Preparation of spiroaziridinopyridones, a new heterocyclic system.
Donati, D., Fusi, S., Ponticelli, F., Tetrahedron Lett. 43(52): 9527-30 (2002).

Photoinduced transformation of [alpha],[alpha],[beta]-epoxyketones to [beta]-hydroxyketones by Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridine.
Zhang, J., Jin, M.Z., Zhang, W., Yang, L., Liu, Z.L., Tetrahedron Lett. 43(52): 9687-9 (2002).

The photolysis of bis(dithiobenzil)nickel in chloroform.
Jones, I.W., Tian, X., Hoggard, P.E., Transition Met. Chem. (London) 27(8): 902-5 (2002).


Radiation Chemistry

Ethanol conversion in an aqueous solution upon aluminum valve anode microdischarge treatment.
Bugaenko, L.T., Volf, E.G., Kovalev, G.V., Sizikov, A.M., High Energy Chem. (Transl. of Khim. Vys. Energ.) 36(6): 413-8 (2002).

Radiation-chemical oxidation of bromides and iodides in formation water.
Ponomarev, A.V., Makarov, I.E., Rygalov, V.A., Syrtlanov, A.S., High Energy Chem. (Transl. of Khim. Vys. Energ.) 36(6): 436-7 (2002).

Migration distances of electrons generated in organic solids by ionizing radiation.
Ichikawa, T., J. Phys. Chem. B 106(47): 12133-9 (2002).


Experimental Studies

Scavenging the hydroxyl radical by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl.
Hristea, E.N., Hillebrand, M., Caproiu, M.T., Caldararu, H., Constantinescu, T., Balaban, A.T., ARKIVOC : 123-32 (2002).

Multiple ionization of diatomic molecules in collisions with 50-300-keV hydrogen and helium ions - art. no. 052701.
Siegmann, B., Werner, U., Kaliman, Z., RollerLutz, Z., Kabachnik, N.M., Lutz, H.O., Phys. Rev. A: At., Mol., Opt. Phys. 66, 052701 (2002).


Multiphase Systems

Photochemistry of single wall carbon nanotubes embedded in a mesoporous silica matrix.
Alvaro, M., Atienzar, P., Bourdelande, J.L., Garcia, H., Chem. Commun. (Cambridge) (24): 3004-5 (2002).

Light-driven tyrosine radical formation in a ruthenium-tyrosine complex attached to nanoparticle TiO2.
Ghanem, R., Xu, Y.H., Pan, J., Hoffmann, T., Andersson, J., Polivka, T., Pascher, T., Styring, S., Sun, L.C., Sundstrom, V., Inorg. Chem. 41(24): 6258-66 (2002).

Transient and stable silver clusters induced by radiolysis in methanol.
Mostafavi, M., Dey, G.R., Francois, L., Belloni, J., J. Phys. Chem. A 106(43): 10184-94 (2002).

Iodide electron transfer kinetics in dye-sensitized nanocrystalline TiO2 films.
Montanari, I., Nelson, J., Durrant, J.R., J. Phys. Chem. B 106(47): 12203-10 (2002).

Ultrafast dephasing of surface plasmon excitation in silver nanoparticles: Influence of particle size, shape, and chemical surrounding - art. no. 257404.
Bosbach, J., Hendrich, C., Stietz, F., Vartanyan, T., Trager, F., Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 25 7404 (2002).

Pressure dependence of electron- and hole-consuming reactions in photocatalytic water splitting on Pt/TiO2 studied by time-resolved IR absorption spectroscopy.
Yamakata, A., Ishibashi, T., Onishi, H., Int. J. Photoenergy 5(1): 7-9 (2003).


Polymers

Designing a non-volatile imaging switch for mass-persistent, chemically amplified photolithography: a model study.
Klopp, J.M., Bensel, N., Fresco, Z.M., Frechet, J.M.J., Chem. Commun. (Cambridge) (24): 2956-7 (2002).

Photo- and radiation creep and durability of polymers.
Zhdanov, G.S., Stepanov, V.F., Milinchuk, V.K., High Energy Chem. (Transl. of Khim. Vys. Energ.) 36(6): 378-82 (2002).

Excited donor-acceptor complexes in the polymerization of vinyl monomers.
Granchak, V.M., Dilung, I.I., High Energy Chem. (Transl. of Khim. Vys. Energ.) 36(6): 408-12 (2002).

Mechanism of modification of poly(trimethylsilylpropyne) and poly(vinyltrimethylsilane) in a fluorinated RF discharge plasma and in the afterglow zone.
Slovetskii, D.I., Khotimskii, V.S., Borisov, S.Y., High Energy Chem. (Transl. of Khim. Vys. Energ.) 36(6): 419-25 (2002).

Surface-assisted photoalignment control of lyotropic liquid crystals. Part 1. Characterisation and photoalignment of aqueous solutions of a water-soluble dye as lyotropic liquid crystals.
Ichimura, K., Fujiwara, T., Momose, M., Matsunaga, D., J. Mater. Chem. 12(12): 3380-6 (2002).

Surface-assisted photoalignment control of lyotropic liquid crystals. Part 2. Photopatterning of aqueous solutions of a water-soluble anti-asthmatic drug as lyotropic liquid crystals.
Fujiwara, T., Ichimura, K., J. Mater. Chem. 12(12): 3387-91 (2002).

Synthesis, structure and properties of a new two-photon photopolymerization initiator.
Ren, Y., Yu, X.Q., Zhang, D.J., Wang, D., Zhang, M.L., Xu, G.B., Zhao, X., Tian, Y.P., Shao, Z.S., Jiang, M.H., J. Mater. Chem. 12(12): 3431-7 (2002).

The mobility and relaxation kinetics of charge carriers in molecular materials studied by means of pulse-radiolysis time-resolved microwave conductivity: dialkoxy-substituted phenylene-vinylene polymers.
Warman, J.M., Gelinck, G.H., de Haas, M.P., J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 14(42): 9935-54 (2002).

Nanostructured dendrimer-based networks with hydrophilic polyamidoamine and hydrophobic organosilicon domains.
Dvornic, P.R., Li, J.M., de Leuze-Jallouli, A.M., Reeves, S.D., Owen, M.J., Macromolecules 35(25): 9323-33 (2002).

Photoinduced localization of orientationally ordered polymer networks at the surface of a liquid crystal host.
Kang, S.W., Sprunt, S., Chien, L.C., Macromolecules 35(25): 9372-6 (2002).

Synthesis and properties of photochromic fluorescing 2-indolyl fulgide and fulgimide copolymers.
Liang, Y.C., Dvornikov, A.S., Rentzepis, P.M., Macromolecules 35(25): 9377-82 (2002).

Fullerene-functionalized polyesters: synthesis, characterization and incorporation in photovoltaic cells.
Nava, M.G., Setayesh, S., Rameau, A., Masson, P., Nierengarten, J.F., New J. Chem. 26(11): 1584-9 (2002).

Synthesis and characterization of (co)polymers containing a phosphonate function for use in dental composites.
Sibold, N., Madec, P.J., Masson, S., Pham, T.N., Polymer 43(26): 7257-67 (2002).

Surface modification of polyimide films via plasma polymerization and deposition of allylpentafluorobenzene.
Zhang, Y., Kang, E.T., Neoh, K.G., Huang, W., Huan, A.C.H., Zhang, H., Lamb, R.N., Polymer 43(26): 7279-88 (2002).

Epoxy-based azo polymers: synthesis, characterization and photoinduced surface-relief-gratings.
He, Y.N., Wang, X.G., Zhou, Q.X., Polymer 43(26): 7325-33 (2002).

[gamma]-Irradiation effects on polyethylene terephthalate studied by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy.
Buttafava, A., Consolati, G., Di Landro, L., Mariani, M., Polymer 43(26): 7477-81 (2002).


Biological & Medical Aspects

Selective exclusion by the polyamine transporter as a mechanism for differential radioprotection of amifostine derivatives.
Quinones, H.I., List, A.F., Gerner, E.W., Clin. Cancer Res. 8(5): 1295-300 (2002).

Visible light induced photocleavage of DNA by a mixed-metal supramolecular complex: [(Bpy)2Ru(Dpp)2RhCl2]5+.
Swavey, S., Brewer, K.J., Inorg. Chem. 41(24): 6196-8 (2002).

Photochemical, chemical, and thermal studies on bilirubin in CDCl3 and NaOH solutions.
Pillay, A.E., Salih, F.M., AlHamdi, A., J. Trace Microprobe Tech. 20(4): 601-9 (2002).

Evaluation of DNA dosimetry to assess ozone-mediated variability of biologically harmful radiation in antarctica.
George, A.L., Peat, H.J., Buma, A.G.J., Photochem. Photobiol. 76(3): 274-80 (2002).


Solar Energy

High efficiency dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells based on ionic liquid polymer gel electrolyte.
Wang, P., Zakeeruddin, S.M., Exnar, I., Gratzel, M., Chem. Commun. (Cambridge) (24): 2972-3 (2002).

Synthesis of perylene-porphyrin building blocks and rod-like oligomers for light-harvesting applications.
Loewe, R.S., Tomizaki, K., Youngblood, W.J., Bo, Z.S., Lindsey, J.S., J. Mater. Chem. 12(12): 3438-51 (2002).


Industrial and Environmental Applications

Changes in volatile compounds of [gamma]-irradiated fresh cilantro leaves during cold storage.
Fan, X., Sokorai, K.J.B., J. Agric. Food Chem. 50(26): 7622-6 (2002).

Formation of malonaldehyde, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde in apple juice induced by ionizing radiation.
Fan, X., Thayer, D.W., J. Food Sci. 67(7): 2523-8 (2002).

Effects of gamma irradiation on physical and chemical properties of chickpeas (Cicer arietinum).
Graham, J.A., Panozzo, J.F., Lim, P.C., Brouwer, J.B., J. Sci. Food Agric. 82(14): 1599-605 (2002).

Irradiation-induced creep of the Zr-2.5% Nb - A material for tubes of fuel channels of an RBMK-1000 reactor.
Averin, S.A., Sinelnikov, L.P., Panchenko, V.L., Sagaradze, V.V., Phys. Met. Metallogr. (Transl. of Fiz. Met. Metalloved.) 94(4): 397-401 (2002).

Evaluation of invertase (B-fructo furanosidase) activity in irradiated Mazafaty dates during storage.
Zare, Z., Sohrabpour, M., Fazeli, T.Z., Kohan, K.G., Rad. Phys. Chem. 65(3): 289-91 (2002).

Synthesis of HTaWO6/(Pt,TiO2) nanocomposite with high photocatalytic activities for hydrogen evolution and nitrogen monoxide destruction.
Yin, S., Maeda, D., Ishitsuka, M., Wu, J., Sato, T., Solid State Ionics 151(1-4): 377-83 (2002).

Oxygen plasma modification of pitch-based isotropic carbon fibres.
Boudou, J.P., Paredes, J.I., Cuesta, A., MartinezAlonso, A., Tascon, J.M.D., Carbon 41(1): 41-56 (2003).

Photocatalytic degradation of chlorinated ethenes.
Oki, K., Tsuchida, S., Nishikiori, H., Tanaka, N., Fujii, T., Int. J. Photoenergy 5(1): 11-5 (2003).

Incorporation of silver (I) ions within zeolite cavities and their photocatalytic reactivity for the decomposition of N2O into N2 and O2.
Ju, W.S., Matsuoka, M., Anpo, M., Int. J. Photoenergy 5(1): 17-9 (2003).

Discharge photoelectrocatalytic system for the degradation of aromatics.
Kim, H.S., Lee, E.A., Lee, J.H., Han, C.H., Ha, J.W., Shul, Y.G., Int. J. Photoenergy 5(1): 3-6 (2003).

Iron(III) photoinduced degradation: Catalytic method for 4,4'-diaminostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid removal from water.
Wong-Wah-Chung, P., Mailhot, G., Bolte, M., Int. J. Photoenergy 5(1): 37-42 (2003).


Theoretical Studies

Quantitative structure-activity relationships in hydroxyl radical reactions of organic chemicals.
Chen, C.-P., Wang, P., Zhang, G.-Y., Long, M.-C., Harbin Gongye Daxue Xuebao 34(4): 521-4 (2002).

Formation enthalpy of exciplexes with partial charge transfer as a function of the electron-transfer driving force.
Dogadkin, D.N., Soboleva, I.V., Kuzmin, A.G., High Energy Chem. (Transl. of Khim. Vys. Energ.) 36(6): 383-90 (2002).

Perturbative approach to non-Markovian stochastic Schrodinger equations - art. no. 052105.
Gambetta, J., Wiseman, H.M., Phys. Rev. A: At., Mol., Opt. Phys. 66: 052105 (2002).

Theoretical studies on the influence of molecular interactions on the mechanism of electron transfer in photosynthetic reaction center of Rps. viridis.
Xu, H., Zhang, R.B., Qu, Z.W., Zhang, X.K., Zhang, Q.Y., Sci. China, Ser. B: Chem. 45(6): 570-85 (2002).


Reviews

Retrospective dosimetry for external exposures.
Jacob, P., Goksu, Y., Meckbach, R., Wieser, A., Int. Congr. Ser. 1225, 141-48 (2002).

Nodal-plane model for excited-state intramolecular proton transfer of o-hydroxybenzaldehyde: substituent effect.
Nagaoka, S., Nakamura, A., Nagashima, U., J. Photochem. Photobiol., A 154(1): 23-32 (2002).

Intermolecular photochemical proton transfer in solution: new insights and perspectives.
Hynes, J.T., Tran-Thi, T.H., Granucci, G., J. Photochem. Photobiol., A 154(1): 3-11 (2002).

Some remarks on the ground state of the exciton and exciton-polariton system.
Littlewood, P.B., Brown, G.J., Eastham, P.R., Szymanska, M.H., Phys. Status Solidi B 234(1): 36-49 (2002).

Interaction of low-energy electrons with biomolecules.
Sanche, L., Photonic, Electronic, and Atomic Collisions, International Conference, 22nd, Santa Fe, NM, J. Burgdoerfer (ed.), Rinton Press, Inc, Princeton, NJ, 2002, p.50-60


E-mail: ndrlrcdc.1@nd.edu
Author: K.P. Madden
Created: 7/2/97 Updated: 2/10/2003