NDRL Radiation Chemistry
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Recent Papers in Radiation and Photochemistry

11/18/04

#04_25

Kinetics Optical Spectra Thermodynamics
ESR Studies Excited States Photochemistry
Radiation Chemistry Related Experimental Studies Multiphase Systems
Polymers Biological & Medical Aspects Solar Energy
Industrial & Environmental Applications Theoretical Studies Reviews

Kinetics

Photophysical properties of fullerene-dendron-pyropheophorbide supramolecules.
Ermilov, E.A., Al-Omari, S., Helmreich, M., Jux, N., Hirsch, A., Roder, B., Chem. Phys. 301(1): 27-31 (2004).

Isopolyhalomethanes: Their formation, structures, properties and cyclopropanation reactions with olefins.
Phillips, D.L., Fang, W.H., Zheng, X., Li, Y.L., Wang, D., Kwok, W.M., Curr. Org. Chem. 8(9): 739-55 (2004).

Dyads containing iridium(III) bis-terpyridine as photoactive center: Synthesis and electron transfer study.
Baranoff, E., Dixon, I.M., Collin, J.P., Sauvage, J.P., Ventura, B., Flamigni, L., Inorg. Chem. 43(10): 3057-66 (2004).

Proton transfer to nickel-thiolate complexes. 2. Rate-limiting intramolecular proton transfer in the reactions of [Ni(SC6H4R-4)(PhP{CH2CH2PPh2}2)]+ (R = NO2, Cl, H, Me, or MeO).
Autissier, V., Zarza, P.M., Petrou, A., Henderson, R.A., Harrington, R.W., Clegg, W.C., Inorg. Chem. 43(10): 3106-15 (2004).

Hydrogen transfer in excited pyrrole-ammonia clusters.
David, O., Dedonder-Lardeux, C., Jouvet, C., Kang, H., Martrenchard, S., Ebata, T., Sobolewski, A.L., J. Chem. Phys. 120(21): 10101-10 (2004).

One- and two-photon picosecond excitation dynamics of the singlet states of a tetraphenyl-diamine derivative in solution.
Paci, B., Andraud, C., Anemian, R., Nunzi, J.M., J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys. 37(8): 1581-91 (2004).

Photodegradation of fluorescein in solutions containing n-propyl gallate.
Gaigalas, A.K., Wang, L., Cole, K.D., Humphries, E., J. Phys. Chem. A 108(20): 4378-84 (2004).

Time resolved spectroscopy of some aromatic N-oxide triplets, radical anions, and related radicals.
Shi, X.F., Platz, M.S., J. Phys. Chem. A 108(20): 4385-90 (2004).

Femtosecond fluorescence and absorption dynamics of an azobenzene with a strong push-pull substitution.
Schmidt, B., Sobotta, C., Malkmus, S., Laimgruber, S., Braun, M., Zinth, W., Gilch, P., J. Phys. Chem. A 108(20): 4399-404 (2004).

Observation of proton-coupled electron transfer by transient absorption spectroscopy in a hydrogen-bonded, porphyrin donor-acceptor assembly.
Damrauer, N.H., Hodgkiss, J.M., Rosenthal, J., Nocera, D.G., J. Phys. Chem. B 108(20): 6315-21 (2004).

"Totsu"-window optical cell for absorption and emission studies of high-pressure liquids and supercritical fluids.
Aizawa, T., Kanakubo, M., Ikushima, Y., Saitoh, N., Arai, K., Smith, R.L., J. Supercrit. Fluids 29(3): 313-7 (2004).

Optical Spectra

Water-related matrix isolation phenomena during NO2 photolysis in argon matrix.
Cocke, D.L., Gomes, J.A.G., Gossage, J.L., Li, K.Y., Lin, C.J., Tandel, S., Appl. Spectrosc. 58(5): 528-34 (2004).

Connecting [pi]-chromophores by [sigma]-P-P bonds: New type of assemblies exhibiting [sigma]-[pi]-conjugation.
Fave, C., Hissler, M., Karpati, T., Rault-Berthelot, J., Deborde, V., Toupet, L., Nyulaszi, L., Reau, R., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126(19): 6058-63 (2004).

Photolysis of 3-(2-formylphenyl)-3-chlorodiazirine in an Ar matrix at low temperature.
Nakane, N., Enyo, T., Tomioka, H., J. Org. Chem. 69(10): 3538-45 (2004).

Three-state light switch of [Ru(phen)2dppz]2+: Distinct excited-state species with two, one, or no hydrogen bonds from solvent.
Olofsson, J., Onfelt, B., Lincoln, P., J. Phys. Chem. A 108(20): 4391-8 (2004).

Matrix-isolation in cryogenic water-ices: Facile generation, storage, and optical spectroscopy of aromatic radical cations.
Gudipati, M.S., J. Phys. Chem. A 108(20): 4412-9 (2004).

Vacuum ultraviolet excitation of the 1.9-eV emission band related to nonbridging oxygen hole centers in silica - art. no. 153201.
Cannas, M., Gelardi, F.M., Phys. Rev. B 69: 153201 (2004).

Thermodynamics

Packing-dependent photochromism: the case of photoinduced intramolecular proton transfer in 6-(2′,4′-dinitrobenzyl)-2,2′-bipyridine.
Naumov, P., Ohashi, Y., Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B: Struct. Sci. 60: 343-9 (2004).

Zn(II)-induced ground-state [pi]-deconjugation and excited-state electron transfer in N,N-bis(2-pyridyl)amino-substituted arenes.
Yang, J.S., Lin, Y.D., Lin, Y.H., Liao, F.L., J. Org. Chem. 69(10): 3517-25 (2004).

ESR Studies

Distinguishing the 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO)-OH radical quenching effect from the hydroxyl radical scavenging effect in the ESR spin-trapping method.
Li, L.X., Abe, Y., Kanagawa, K., Usui, N., Imai, K., Mashino, T., Mochizuki, M., Miyata, N., Anal. Chim. Acta 512(1): 121-4 (2004).

Isotope effect on the J-T distortion of partially deuteriated benzene cation radicals: an experimental EPR and theoretical DFT study.
Toriyama, K., Okazaki, M., Jansson, M., Lund, A., Lunell, S., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 6(8): 1658-65 (2004).

Excited States

Geometry changes of a Cu(I) phenanthroline complex on photoexcitation in a confining medium by time-resolved X-ray diffraction.
Coppens, P., Vorontsov, I.I., Graber, T., Kovalevsky, A.Y., Chen, Y.S., Wu, G., Gembicky, M., Novozhilova, I.V., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126(19): 5980-1 (2004).

Photochemistry

Photodimerization of the [alpha]′-polymorph of ortho-ethoxy-trans-cinnamic acid in the solid state. 1. Monitoring the reaction at 293 K.
Fernandes, M.A., Levendis, D.C., Acta Cryst. B60: 315-24 (2004).

Aryl cations from aromatic halides. Photogeneration and reactivity of 4-hydroxy(methoxy)phenyl cation.
Protti, S., Fagnoni, M., Mella, M., Albini, A., J. Org. Chem. 69(10): 3465-73 (2004).

Photoinduced oxidative dehydrogenation of benzylic alcohols using mercury(II) oxide.
Habibi, M.H., Farhadi, S., Pol. J. Chem. 78(5): 741-4 (2004).

Photochemical ring opening of tricyclic hemiketals: Diastereoselective construction of functionalized medium-sized carbocycles and a diquinane.
Ramesh, N.G., Hassner, A., Synlett (6): 975-8 (2004).

4-Benzoylbenzoate intercalated in layered double hydroxides: a new catalyst for photo-oxidation of sulfides in solution and in the gas phase.
Pigot, T., Arbitre, T., Martinez, H., Lacombe, S., Tetrahedron Lett. 45(21): 4047-50 (2004).

Asymmetric meta-arene-alkene photocycloaddition controlled by a 2,4-pentanediol tether.
Hagiya, K., Yamasaki, A., Okuyama, T., Sugimura, T., Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 15(9): 1409-17 (2004).

Radiation Chemistry

Relaxation of alkali glass exposed to an electron beam.
Gedeon, O., Jurek, K., Microchim. Acta 145(1-4): 49-52 (2004).

An evaluation of radiation damage to solid state components flown in low earth orbit satellites.
Shin, M.W., Kim, M.H., Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 108(4): 279-91 (2004).

Experimental Studies

Microencapsulation of n-eicosane as energy storage material.
Lan, X.Z., Tan, Z.C., Zou, G.L., Sun, L.X., Zhang, T., Chin. J. Chem. 22(5): 411-4 (2004).

Interaction of benzene thiol and thiolate with small gold clusters.
Letardi, S., Cleri, F., J. Chem. Phys. 120(21): 10062-8 (2004).

Preparation and photoelectron spectrum of the glycine molecular anion: Assignment to a dipole-bound electron species with a high-dipole moment, non-zwitterionic form of the neutral core.
Diken, E.G., Hammer, N.I., Johnson, M.A., J. Chem. Phys. 120(21): 9899-902 (2004).

Formal radical cyclization onto benzene rings: a general method and its use in the synthesis of ent-nocardione A.
Clive, D.L.J., Fletcher, S.P., Liu, D.Z., J. Org. Chem. 69(10): 3282-93 (2004).

Stereoselection at the steady state within radicals - How far can we go?
Stalinski, K., Pol. J. Chem. 78(5): 611-22 (2004).

New persistent heteroarylmethyl radicals resulting from the intramolecular addition of aryloxymethyl radicals onto ketenimines. Synthesis of 2H-1,4-benzoxazines.
Alajarin, M., Vidal, A., Ortin, M.M., Bautista, D., Synlett (6): 991-4 (2004).

Multiphase Systems

Photophysics of norharmane in micellar environments: A fluorometric study.
Mallick, A., Chattopadhyay, N., Biophys. Chem. 109(2): 261-70 (2004).

Solution phase evolution of AuSe nanoalloys in Triton X-100 under UV-photoactivation.
Nath, S., Ghosh, S.K., Pal, T., Chem. Commun. (Cambridge) (8): 966-7 (2004).

Effect of cross-linking density on photoinduced bending behavior of oriented liquid-crystalline network films containing azobenzene.
Yu, Y.L., Nakano, M., Shishido, A., Shiono, T., Ikeda, T., Chem. Mater. 16(9): 1637-43 (2004).

Effects of substituting Sr2+ and Ba2+ for Ca2+ on the structural properties and photocatalytic behaviors of CaIn2O4.
Tang, J.W., Zou, Z.G., Ye, J.H., Chem. Mater. 16(9): 1644-9 (2004).

Comparative study of homogeneous and heterogeneous photocatalytic redox reactions: PW12O403- vs TiO2.
Kim, S., Park, H., Choi, W., J. Phys. Chem. B 108(20): 6402-11 (2004).

Effects of gamma-irradiation on physicochemical state of surface and catalytic properties of CuO/MgO and NiO/MgO systems.
El-Shobaky, G.A., El-Molla, S.A., Ismail, S.A., J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 260(3): 627-36 (2004).

[60]Fullerene supported on silica and [gamma]-alumina sensitized photooxidation of olefins: Chemical evidence for singlet oxygen and electron transfer mechanism.
Vougioukalakis, G.C., Angelis, Y., Vakros, J., Panagiotou, G., Kordulis, C., Lycourghiotis, A., Orfanopoulos, M., Synlett (6): 971-4 (2004).

Polymers

Investigation of the diffusion processes in a self-processing acrylamide-based photopolymer system.
Naydenova, I., Jallapuram, R., Howard, R., Martin, S., Toal, V., Appl. Opt. 43(14): 2900-5 (2004).

The effects of nuclear and electronic stopping powers on ion irradiated novolac-diazoquinone films.
Garcia, I.T.S., Zawislak, F.C., Samios, D., Appl. Surf. Sci. 228(1-4): 63-76 (2004).

Synthesis of polymer-bound sensitizers and their applications in the preparation of previtamin D3 from tachysterol.
You, C.J., Xie, R., Gao, Y.Y., Han, Y.B., Yang, G.Q., Li, Y., Chin. J. Chem. 22(5): 473-6 (2004).

Functionalization of polypropylene film by radiation grafting of acryloyl chloride and subsequent esterification with Disperse Red 1.
Bucio, E., Burillo, G., Carreon-Castro, M.D., Ogawa, T., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 93(1): 172-8 (2004).

Visible-light-induced controlled/living radical polymerization of styrene with a phenyl seleno group at one terminal chain end: 1-(Phenylseleno) ethyl benzene as a photoiniferter.
Rathore, K., Reddy, K.R., Tomer, N.S., Desai, S.M., Singh, R.P., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 93(1): 348-55 (2004).

Use of N,N-dimethylaniline end-functional polymers in photoinduced block copolymerization.
Muftuoglu, A.E., Cianga, I., Yurteri, S., Yagci, Y., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 93(1): 387-94 (2004).

Effects of plasma treatment on CO2 plasticization of poly(methyl methacrylate) gas-separation membranes.
Hu, C.C., Tu, C.Y., Wang, Y.C., Li, C.L., Lee, K.R., Lai, J.Y., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 93(1): 395-401 (2004).

Photosensitive poly(urethame acylsemicarbazide)s with azobenzene chromophores in the main chain.
Palanisamy, A., Sundar, S., Radhakrishnan, G., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 93(1): 444-54 (2004).

Surface properties of cationic ultraviolet-curable coatings containing a siloxane structure.
Sangermano, M., Bongiovanni, R., Malucelli, G., Priola, A., Pollicino, A., Recca, A., Jonsson, S., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 93(2): 584-9 (2004).

Determination of the kinetic constants of the telomerization of 10-undecenol with alkyl hydrogenphosphonate.
Senhaji, O., Robin, J.J., Achoubi, M., Boutevin, B., Macromol. Chem. Phys. 205(7): 951-7 (2004).

Synthesis and lithographic applications of highly metallized cluster-based polyferrocenylsilanes.
Chan, W.Y., Cheng, A.Y., Clendenning, S.B., Manners, I., Macromol. Symp. 209: 163-76 (2004).

Photochemically degradable polymers containing metal-metal bonds along their backbones: The effect of stress on the rates of photochemical degradation.
Tyler, D.R., Chen, R., Macromol. Symp. 209: 231-51 (2004).

Switching and structuring of binary reactive polymer brush layers.
Ionov, L., Stamm, M., Minko, S., Hoffmann, F., Wolff, T., Macromol. Symp. 210: 229-35 (2004).

Temperature-sensitive poly(vinyl methyl ether) hydrogel beads.
Theiss, D., Schmidt, T., Arndt, K.F., Macromol. Symp. 210: 465-74 (2004).

Thiol-ene photopolymerization kinetics of vinyl acrylate/multifunctional thiol mixtures.
Lee, T.Y., Roper, T.M., Jonsson, E.S., Guymon, C.A., Hoyle, C.E., Macromolecules 37(10): 3606-13 (2004).

Influence of hydrogen bonding on photopolymerization rate of hydroxyalkyl acrylates.
Lee, T.Y., Roper, T.M., Jonsson, E.S., Guymon, C.A., Hoyle, C.E., Macromolecules 37(10): 3659-65 (2004).

High-resolution nanophotolithography in atomic force microscopy contact mode.
Gilbert, Y., Fikri, R., Ruymantseva, A., Lerondel, G., Bachelot, R., Barchiesi, D., Royer, P., Macromolecules 37(10): 3780-91 (2004).

Transport controlled pattern photopolymerization in a single-component system.
Meng, S., Nanjundiah, K., Kyu, T., Natarajan, L.V., Tondiglia, V.P., Bunning, T.J., Macromolecules 37(10): 3792-8 (2004).

Mobility and decay kinetics of charge carriers in photoexcited PCBM/PPV blends - art. no. 155205.
Savenije, T.J., Kroeze, J.E., Wienk, M.M., Kroon, J.M., Warman, J.M., Phys. Rev. B 69: 155205 (2004).

Photoexcitation dynamics and laser action in solutions and films of PPE-PPV copolymer - art. no. 155211.
Tong, M., Sheng, C.X., Yang, C., Vardeny, Z.V., Pang, Y., Phys. Rev. B 69: 155211 (2004).

Photo-polymerisation of composite resins measured by micro-Raman spectroscopy.
De Santis, A., Baldi, M., Polymer 45(11): 3797-804 (2004).

Synthesis of vinyl 1,2-diketones.
Habel, L.W., De Keersmaecker, S., Joos, W., Jacobs, P.A., De Vos, D.E., Tetrahedron Lett. 45(21): 4057-9 (2004).

Biological & Medical Aspects

Effect of X-ray and UV irradiation of the C60 fullerene aqueous solution on biological samples.
Scharff, P., Carta-Abelmann, L., Siegmund, C., Matyshevska, O.P., Prylutska, S.V., Koval, T.V., Golub, A.A., Yashchuk, V.M., Kushnir, K.M., Prylutskyy, Y.I., Carbon 42(5-6): 1199-201 (2004).

A hybrid density functional study of O-O bond cleavage and phenyl ring hydroxylation for a biomimetic non-heme iron complex.
Borowski, T., Bassan, A., Siegbahn, P.E.M., Inorg. Chem. 43(10): 3277-91 (2004).

Direct determination of product radical structure reveals the radical rearrangement pathway in a coenzyme B12-dependent enzyme.
Warncke, K., Canfield, J.M., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126(19): 5930-1 (2004).

Multigram-scale syntheses, stability, and photoreactions of A2A adenosine receptor antagonists with 8-styrylxanthine structure: Potential drugs for Parkinson's disease.
Hockemeyer, J., Burbiel, J.C., Muller, C.E., J. Org. Chem. 69(10): 3308-18 (2004).

Cyclic electron flow around photosystem I is essential for photosynthesis.
Munekaga, Y., Hashimoto, M., Miyaka, C., Tomizawa, K.I., Endo, T., Tasaka, M., Shikanai, T., Nature (London) 429(6991): 579-82 (2004).

Synthesis, DNA intercalation and europium(Ill)-triggered DNA photocleavage by a bis-proflavine succinamide conjugate.
Espinosa, J.F., Ferndanez, M.J., Grant, K.B., Gude, L., Rodrigo, M.-M., Lorente, A., Tetrahedron Lett. 45(21): 4017-20 (2004).

Solar Energy

Energy-storable dye-sensitized solar cell with a polypyrrole electrode.
Nagai, H., Segawa, H., Chem. Commun. (Cambridge) (8): 974-5 (2004).

High efficiency photocurrent generation by two-dimensional mixed J-aggregates of cyanine dyes.
Kawasaki, M., Aoyama, S., Chem. Commun. (Cambridge) (8): 988-9 (2004).

Phenyl-conjugated oligoene sensitizers for TiO2 solar cells.
Kitamura, T., Ikeda, M., Shigaki, K., Inoue, T., Anderson, N.A., Ai, X., Lian, T.Q., Yanagida, S., Chem. Mater. 16(9): 1806-12 (2004).

Photocatalytic reactivity of noble metal-loaded ETS-4 zeolites.
Guan, G.Q., Kida, T., Kusakabe, K., Kimura, K., Abe, E., Yoshida, A., Inorg. Chem. Commun. 7(5): 618-20 (2004).

Industrial & Environmental Applications

Iron(III)-photoinduced degradation of 4-chloroaniline in aqueous solution.
Mailhot, G., Hykrdova, L., Jirkovsky, J., Lemr, K., Grabner, G., Bolte, M.B., Appl. Catal., B 50(1): 25-35 (2004).

Dip-pen nanopatterning of photosensitive conducting polymer using a monomer ink.
Su, M., Aslam, M., Fu, L., Wu, N.Q., Dravid, V.P., Appl. Phys. Lett. 84(21): 4200-2 (2004).

Removal of the photoresist (PR) and metallic-polymer in the concave-typed storage node using the excimer laser.
Kim, H.J., Kim, D.J., Ryu, J.K., Pak, S.S., Appl. Surf. Sci. 228(1-4): 100-9 (2004).

Introduction of anticoagulation group to polypropylene film by radiation grafting and its blood compatibility.
Mao, C., Zhang, C., Qiu, Y.Z., Zhu, A.P., Shen, J., Lin, S.C., Appl. Surf. Sci. 228(1-4): 26-33 (2004).

Synthesis and reactivity of 3-diazo-4-oxocoumarins for photolithographic applications.
Leeson, M.J., Yueh, W., Tattersall, P.I., Pawloski, A., Grayson, S.M., Willson, C.G., Chem. Mater. 16(9): 1763-9 (2004).

Synthesis and properties of diazopiperidiones for use in nonchemically amplified deep UV photoresists.
Tattersall, P.I., Breslin, D., Grayson, S.M., Heath, W.H., Lou, K., McAdams, C.L., McKean, D., Rathsack, B.M., Willson, C.G., Chem. Mater. 16(9): 1770-4 (2004).

Photocatalysis of cementitious materials: Clean buildings and clean air.
Cassar, L., MRS Bull. 29(5): 328-31 (2004).

Phosphorescence-fluorescence ratio imaging for monitoring the oxygen status during photodynamic therapy.
Sterenborg, H.J.C.M., de Wolf, J.W., Koning, M., Kruijt, B., van den Heuvel, A., Robinson, D.J., Opt. Express 12(9): 1873-8 (2004).

Calibration of EPR signal dose response of tooth enamel to photons: Experiment and Monte Carlo simulation.
Ivannikov, A.I., Tikunov, D.D., Borysheva, N.B., Trompier, F., Skvortsov, V.G., Stepanenko, V.F., Hoshi, M., Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 108(4): 303-15 (2004).

Theoretical Studies

Theoretical study of indole: Protonation, indolyl radical, tautomers of indole, and its interaction with water.
Somers, K.R.F., Kryachko, E.S., Ceulemans, A., Chem. Phys. 301(1): 61-79 (2004).

Short-range order effect on resonance energy transfer in rigid solution.
Bodunov, E.N., Berberan-Santos, M.N., Chem. Phys. 301(1): 9-14 (2004).

Spectroscopy and photophysics of mono methyl-substituted alloxazines.
Sikorska, E., Khmelinskii, I.V., Bourdelande, J.L., Bednarek, A., Williams, S.L., Patel, M., Worrall, D.R., Koput, J., Sikorski, M., Chem. Phys. 301(1): 95-103 (2004).

Investigation of photoinduced electron transfer in model system of vitamin E-duroquinone by time-dependent density functional theory.
Duan, X.H., Li, Z.R., Li, X.Y., Li, L.M., J. Chem. Phys. 120(21): 10025-32 (2004).

Ultraviolet spectroscopy of large water clusters: Model and calculations for (H2O)n, for n=8, 11, 20, 40, and 50.
Miller, Y., Fredj, E., Harvey, J.N., Gerber, R.B., J. Phys. Chem. A 108(20): 4405-11 (2004).

Antisymmetric transition polarizability induced by intermolecular charge-transfer interactions.
Xie, R., Chen, D.M., He, T.J., Liu, F.C., J. Phys. Chem. A 108(20): 4491-6 (2004).

Kinetic isotope effect on the photoenolization of o-methylanthrone. A microcanonical transition state theory calculation.
Casadesus, R., Moreno, M., Lluch, J.M., J. Phys. Chem. A 108(20): 4536-41 (2004).

Charge transfer complexes between azidopentazole and aromatic nuclei.
Rozental, E., Goldberg, M., Basch, H., Hoz, S., THEOCHEM 674(1-3): 153-7 (2004).

Reviews

Photo-, thermo-, solvato-, and electrochromic spiroheterocyclic compounds.
Minkin, V.I., Chem. Rev. (Washington, D. C.) 104(5): 2751-76 (2004).

Recent advances in the synthesis of biologically interesting heterocycles by intramolecular aryl radical reactions.
Zhang, W., Curr. Org. Chem. 8(9): 757-80 (2004).

Biomolecular ions in accelerators and storage rings.
Nielsen, S.B., Andersen, J.U., Hvelplund, P., Liu, B., Tomita, S., J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys. 37(8): R25-R56 (2004).

Giant multiporphyrin arrays as artificial light-harvesting antennas.
Imahori, H., J. Phys. Chem. B 108(20): 6130-43 (2004).

Hot compressed water - a suitable and sustainable solvent and reaction medium?
Dinjus, E., Kruse, A., J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 16(14): S1161-S1169 (2004).

E-mail: ndrlrcdc.1@nd.edu
Author: K.P. Madden
Created: 7/2/97 Updated: 11/18/2004